Recruitment Policy vs Recruitment Process Free Essays

Discover (Cntl-F) Best Paper Index Table of Contents RECRUITMENT POLICY VS. Enlistment PROCESS: ESPOUSED THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE ANNA M. STAFSUDD Department of Business Administration Lund University P. We will compose a custom article test on Enlistment Policy versus Recruitment Process or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now O. Box 7080 SE-220 07 Lund Sweden INTRODUCTION This paper contends that enlistment strategy doesn't impact the enrollment procedure to an enormous degree, as it speaks to an upheld hypothesis, which is utilized to clarify and glorify conduct after it has happened. Rather, it is contended that enrollment choice presumptions will direct the enlistment procedure, as they speak to speculations being used. These enrollment choices, as how interior employees’ firm-explicit information is esteemed, will influence whether chiefs are inside advanced or remotely selected. How an association esteems such information might be deduced from control frameworks, which is outlined utilizing the instances of socialization and bureaucratic control frameworks. These control frameworks have been picked, as they speak to inverse points of view on the estimation of firm-explicit information and will, consequently, impactsly affect inner or outside enlistment being progressively plausible. Upheld THEORY AND THEORY-IN-USE The structure of Argyris and Schon (1974) presents how embraced hypothesis and hypothesis inaction identify with one another, just as to different factors. As can be found in figure 1, embraced hypothesis and hypothesis being used can be situated against one another, subsequent in either coinciding or incongruence. Moreover, the figure delineates the suspicion that upheld hypothesis is isolated from activity and just serves to clarify and romanticize it a while later. Rather, it is hypothesis being used, which impacts activity, as individuals act as per the necessities of the administering factors of their speculations being used. Hypotheses being used will likewise will in general impact how an individual will see the environmental factors, I. e. the conduct world. This is a world made by human show and proceeded by human decision, as opposed to being a characteristic nature of the real world. Closing a criticism circle, the social universes will be utilized as approval for those equivalent hypotheses being used, by which the conduct universes have been made and tend, along these lines, to additionally strengthen them. This structure in this manner, portrays one issue with having speculations being used, in that they will in general act naturally fixing. Hypotheses being used forming activity and conduct world, while as yet utilizing activity and social world as reasons and approval will in general authorize a round rationale, where a criticism circle is reliant on the earlier suspicions. One case of such an issue is introduced by Argyris and Schon (1974), where an instructor encounters a self-fixing issue of accepting that his understudies are idiotic. In expecting that the understudies are moronic, the instructor goes about just as they are in truth inept. By unmistakably telling the understudies that he thinks they are moronic, the instructor will pose such inquiries as inspire idiotic answers from them, in this way, implementing dumb conduct with respect to the understudies. The instructor will at that point test his hypotheses and as he himself authorizes idiotic conduct in the understudies, his speculations will be fortified. The more drawn out the instructor and the understudies cooperate, the more solidly will the educator become in his hypothesis being used of them being inept. Foundation of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G1 â€â€â€â€â€â€â€- Figure 1 about here â€â€â€â€â€â€â€â€Apart from the prior examined factors there are five more, with which upheld hypothesis, hypothesis being used, activity and social world can be broke down and which speak to potential situations in or between different factors. Interior consistency might be investigated for every one of the two factor s of embraced hypothesis and hypothesis being used, as a portrayal of how inside steady the speculations and the suspicions of the speculations are. Compatibility, then again, speaks to a methods for dissecting fit or consistency between embraced hypothesis and hypothesis being used. Upheld hypothesis and hypothesis being used are connected in the manner that embraced hypothesis speaks to what one says one is doing, though hypothesis being used speaks to what one really does. Subsequently, hypothesis being used impacts activity and social world. Viability is a variable, with which one can examine how well activities authorize the conduct world that a hypothesis being used would prompt without the interceding variable of activity. Viability is, hence, not utilized when breaking down embraced hypothesis, as it won't impact activity. The model likewise delineates an input circle, as hypothesis being used impacts activity, which thus prompts a social world, which is then used to approve and fortify speculations being used. How well the social world can be utilized to strengthen or refute hypothesis being used thusly relies upon how well the hypothesis being used can be tried, I. e. the testability of the hypothesis in a particular circumstance. Aside from these investigative factors, there is one progressively factor, which speaks to a regularizing measurement of the system. This variable is spoken to by the estimations of the social world. In the wake of having examined different factors, an individual would at last additionally contemplate whether the conduct world, made by the procedure engaged with the system, would be viewed as a positive or negative one. Contingent upon the appropriate response, the individual would see an affinity for steadiness or change. Enlistment POLICY AND RECRUITMENT DECISION ASSUMPTIONS The upheld hypothesis on account of an organization’s enrollment exercises is spoken to by the enlistment strategy, as expressed by the association, while hypothesis being used is spoken to by the presumptions on which the enlistment is really based. An inner enlistment strategy may as a rule be expected, because of it being so basic as it speaks to showcasing towards the workers (Coff, 1997; Chan, 1996; Browner and Kubarski, 1991; Tanushaj, Randall and McCullough, 1988). Rather than upheld hypotheses, speculations being used can't be effectively watched (Argyris and Schon, 1974). It tends to be contended that enrollment choice presumptions might be watched in a roundabout way through what applicants are in actuality enlisted, however in such cases we would turn to redundancy in expecting that people are chosen dependent on the way that they are chosen. Be that as it may, examples may obviously be watched and broke down. With respect to enlistment choice suppositions, it appears to be sheltered to contend that the essential overseeing variable in an enrollment procedure is selecting the best applicant accessible for the position. The capacity of an up-and-comer is, be that as it may, hard to assess and enrollment specialists will, hence, utilize various intermediaries so as to assess capacity and lessen data vulnerability. Concentrating on the enrollment procedure as far as decision between inward advancement and outside enlistment, it would appear to be increasingly likely for an association to enlist inside, as this decreases data vulnerability in that up-and-comers might be straightforwardly watched. Besides, Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2003 HR: G2 interior enlistment might be favored due to employees’ firm-explicit information (Chan, 1996). The higher the worth set on firm-explicit information, the likelier will inner enlistment be. Enlistment choice suppositions on account of what worth is put on firm-explicit information might be seen through what control frameworks are utilized. This contention depends on the suspicion that control frameworks not just speak to estimation frameworks in assessing a manager’s conduct, yet that they additionally signal what conduct is viewed as proper and, along these lines, will be found out by administrators. This thinking depends on anticipation hypothesis (Vroom, 1964), expressing that inspiration for a specific conduct relies upon a person’s convictions of what results will in general outcome from a particular conduct and the engaging quality an individual joins to those results regarding their capacity to fulfill a person’s needs. In this manner, people will be molded by what is normal from them by others. Thusly, as conduct and qualities are influenced, control frameworks will affect whether certain aptitudes can be found in the association or not. Here, the effect of the two control frameworks of socialization and bureaucratic control frameworks will be introduced, as they identify with in the case of learning of corporate-affirmed conduct is esteemed or not. In this way, the distinction lies in whether suitable conduct should be learned after some time or in the event that it has been formalized by the association as far as for instance rules and guidelines. Socialization is a type of reason control, I. e. ontrol is applied before the activity (Cyert and March, 1988), which implies that suitable conduct is disguised by the representatives. Actions, yet in addition thinking, are in this manner impacted to incorporate fitting suspicions and qualities. This is identified with how systematization will in general become self-strengthening, sooner or later requiring no prizes or other int erceding methodology, as once regulated social information will in general become a piece of authoritative day by day life (Zucker, 1977). Absence of showing the proper conduct will bring about close to home outcomes. Fortifications of legitimate conduct and believing are in this setting made as far as friend endorsement, enrollment and authority. Conversely, not showing fitting conduct will result in the person’s activities being seen as going astray, which is rebuffed by belittlement, antagonistic vibe and exclusion (Anthony, Dearden and Bedford, 1989). A serious extent of socialization will influence the enrollment procedure from numerous points of view. To begin with, directors who don't grasp the fitting qualities and show the proper conduct will have a lesser possibility of being advanced. Sec

Agroecology and Miguel Altieri Essay -- Agriculture Agricultural Essay

Agroecology and Miguel Altieri Agroecology and agribusiness as a rule took a monster jump forward in 1492 when Christopher Columbus found the New World. Already, the New and the Old World just shared three species: yam, bottle gourd, and coconut. Since this New World had been found, there was a lot of that could be picked up, and it was something beyond gold (Bermejo 1994). Numerous endeavors at developing harvests in the new and totally different condition demonstrated negligible, yet others discovered achievement. Truth be told, today is realized that numerous harvests arrive at their ideal yield in a situation that is unique in relation to their own. The principal crops brought into the Americas were the European grains, vegetables, and natural products; these were ineffective from the start. Notwithstanding, a few harvests adapted well to the tropical condition directly from the earliest starting point, including: bananas, sugar stick, and citrus organic products. Potatoes, tomatoes, gourds, beans, and chilies have all discovered their way into European cooking; these harvests all started in the Americas. Rice, a presently significant player in Mexican food, was likewise presented by the Spaniards. African grasses likewise supplanted low yield grass species in Latin America. This monster trade of species would totally change the world’s diet (Bermejo 1994). Despite the fact that pioneers set out in a triumph for â€Å"God, gold, and Glory,† and did, truth be told, fulfill those wants, they found something that was far more important than anything they could have ever envisioned. They found an entirely different world that had boundless assets, land, plant species, and whatever else they would ever use in the course of their life. In their triumph, be that as it may, they figured out how to nearly clear out an entire populace, a huge number of long stretches of history, an... ... from http://www.historycooperative.org/diaries/wm/60.4/jones.html Lopez, B. (1990) The Rediscovery of North America. The University Press of Kentucky. Lexington. Sandberg, B. (2006). Past Encounters: Religion, Ethnicity, and Violence in the Early Modern Atlantic World, 1492-1700. Diary of World History, 17, Retrieved November 10, 2006, from http://historycooperative.press.uiuc.edu/diaries/jwh/17.1/sandberg.html Schwartz, B., D'Arcy, H., Schuman, H. (2005, April 1). First class Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?. Popular Opinion Quarterly, 69, Retrieved November 10, 2006, from http://80elibrary.bigchalk.com.proxy.uwlib.uwyo.edu/libweb/elib/do/document?set=pbsissue&groupid=1&requestid=issue_docs&resultid=9&edition=&ts=22A09C01D33E00EEC1C57E5266921447_1163398443033&urn=urn%3Abigchalk%3AUS%3BBCLib%3Bdocument%3B106981986

2010 Application Information Post #1 Changes in the Process for 2010 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

2010 Application Information Post #1 Changes in the Process for 2010 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Admission work pretty much follows an annual cycle and if you have been following the blog you know that much of the focus has been on wrapping up the current cycle of those who will be joining us this fall.   The bulk of admission travel and outreach happens during the fall months, however I have noticed that email traffic is picking up regarding the new application year that is ahead of us. I wanted to post an entry to assure those interested in applying for spring 2010 or fall 2010 that we will have plenty of content coming your way soon.   And for you incoming students, we still have information for you so stay tuned as well.   Thanks to all the new students that have been sending in photos!   If you have sent photos, rest assured I will get them up eventually, and if you have not sent photos yet, please do. For you future applicants, the Admissions Committee has been meeting over the past month to discuss how we can make the application process better for both those who apply and those who read the applications.   We have made some decisions and my staff and I are working with our technical crew as well as Senior members of the Committee to put everything in order for the coming year. The Committee had two main goals in mind this year.   First, we hope to make the process of submitting documents easier.   Second, we hope that some slight changes to what we ask for in the application will help the Committee to better evaluate candidates for admission as well as give candidates a better opportunity to explain their qualifications for our programs. I do not want to sound too cryptic or give too much away at this point.   The real gist of this entry is to assure you that the decisions we are making are in the best interests of all involved.   I can tell you that our goal is to have the new application go live on August 15th.   If you have started an application you will notice at this point there is no option to choose Spring 2010 or Fall 2010 as your application semester.   When the new application goes live these choices will be enabled, along with some modified instructions. Please do not fret, we will not be asking anything radically different, we will just be asking applicants to submit similar information in different formats.   One thing that will stay the same is our deadlines.   The spring deadline will be October 1st and the fall deadline will be January 5th.   So stay tuned and in the coming weeks I will be rolling out the changes we will be making in the applcation process for the coming year.

The Private Financing of Skye Bridge - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2558 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The Private Financing of Skye Bridge Introduction The intention of this report is to respond to issues that have been raised by a public policy research group in respect of financial and policy issues arising from the Skye Bridge PFI[1] project in Scotland. Although originally intended to run for a maximum of 27 years, following significant controversy, the contract was terminated by the Scottish Executive in 2004, at which time a substantial compensation was paid to the private consortium. Within the report, our intention is to study the expectations of the original policy, evaluate the projected and actual costs of the project and provide an assessment of the PFI policy, together with recommendations regarding the approach and operation of future similar contracts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Private Financing of Skye Bridge" essay for you Create order It is our conclusion that, despite the difficulties experience on the project being studied, the improvements already addressed, together with recommendations made, will see benefits accruing from PFI contracts in the future. The Project Construction of the Skye Bridge in Scotland was one of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first PFIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, with contracts being signed between the Scottish Office Development Department and Skye Bridge Limited in December 1991 (Forty Second Report 1998, 1). An integral part of this contract was the charging of tolls. Construction of the bridge was completed and it was opened in 1995 (Auditor General, 2003. p.1). However, following continuous controversy regarding rising toll charges, despite the fact that these were to achieve a saving on the cost of previous ferry crossing charges, together with other cost issues, the bridge was returned to public ownership in October 2004, several years earlier than had been anticipated (David Ross 200 4). At the same time, the tolls were abolished. Expectations The Scottish Office Development Departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s initial objective with this project was to provide a tolled bridge from the mainland to Skye to alleviate congestion problems associated with the ferry service, within a timeline that a publicly funded scheme could not achieve (Forty Second Report 1998, 1). This objective was clearly achieved. In addition to objectives, PFIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s should also be measured against the provision of value for money. In this respect, before being accepted, such contracts should be compared against other options, including public funded projects, in accordance with government guidelines (HM Treasury 2006). This provides a fair degree of choice between various routes (Gwartney, et.al. 2002). Economics: Private and Public Choice. Once the PFI route is determined then, to assess its value for money, all material aspects of the contract should be put out for competiti ve tender, before an operator is chosen. However, as can be seen from David Healdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s example in appendix (Figure 1), value for money does not relate solely to the financial issue. It also includes the transfer or risk and the potential saving this attracts. As can be from the example, the percentage of risk attributable to the purchaser, in this case the Scottish Office reduces significantly when this is quantified. The Skye Bridge projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s achievement of value for money was more limited than it might have been. Although it achieved the effect of transferring the risk of construction, in other areas it cannot be determined whether this was the case. Firstly, there was no attempt to produce a comparative public sector option. Secondly, although they indicated that transfer of risk was a key factor in their decision, this had not been quantified (Forty Second Report 1998, secs. 72-81). Lastly, it was deemed that the view taken on the cost to the pu blic was limited, as it did not include financial considerations outside of the contract itself, such as the annual loss of ferry operation revenues. Project Costs Within the confines of the availability of information from which to ensure accuracy of the financial costs of this project, the report has endeavoured to assess the total cost of this project against other forms of funding and the original estimates for the project as prepared in 1991. Projected The initial projected cost for the Skye Bridge project was  £37 million. However, following a revision in 1997, with the public purse subsidising user fees, this increased to  £39 million (see appendices figure 2). Whilst the operator, Skye Bridge Ltd bore the cost of the construction and operating the bridge, this was to be recouped during the life of the contract by and estimated  £24 million from users, with the balance coming out of public funds. However, in addition to this figure, the loss o f  £1 million per annum from the closure of the ferry service added to that cost. However, as can be seen from the following analysis, the budgeted figure was significantly lower than the eventual cost during the life of the contract, which some have placed as high as  £93 million (George Montbiot, 2001). Actual costs In addition to the initial costs as described previously, the cost to the public was increased during the course of the contract because of a number of addition actions and financial issues that the government needed to address. The analysis of the final cost is provided in appendices (see Figure 3). As can be seen from this analysis, the most significant aspect of this increase  £27 million resulted from the cost of compensating the private operator for the termination of the contract. However, there were also extra costs involved in early delays caused by the need for a public enquiry, despite the fact that it could be considered that this should be the operatorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s risk (Monbiot 2004). In addition to the toll subsidy already allowed for in the revised projections (see figure 2 and above section on actual cost), by the termination of the contract, this had increased by a further  £5 million. The results show that, in the case of this project, there were some serious errors at all stages. These included the lack of competitive options being studied in the beginning, with no public option to compare with the PFI; insufficient competitor bids being sought or evaluated when the PFI contract was sent out to tender, or indeed when seeking consultants (Forty-second report 1988, 67-68). In addition, in the same report, the Public Accounts Committee determined that the Scottish Office Development Department did not pay enough attention to the way that the toll charges were being managed during the life of the contract. In other words, they did not control this element of the contract delivery suf ficiently. Comparisons In appendices (see figure 4), we have presented a comparison of two other options that could have been taken by the public authority, as well as comparing actual against the original projection. In the latter case, as has already been established, the final figure exceeded projection by  £54 million. Had the project been funded totally by the government, the costs and their make-up would have provided different scenarios again. Had the total cost come from traditional public investment, in other words out of the taxpayerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s purse, as with traditional public investment, and the bridge been toll free, then the cost to the government would have been a total of  £64 million. This takes into account the cost of building the bridge at the original  £39 million, although experts estimate it could have been as low as  £15 million, (George Monbiot 2001), plus the  £9 loss of ferry revenue. It also provides for interest on the debt at the rate of 6% per annum over a five-year period. The third option would have been to increase public debt to cover the project. Had this been the case, and the government continued with their original concept of providing a tolled crossing, the cost would have been  £54 million, assuming that the road user would have been the same as it was under the PFI contract. The difficulty facing all public authorities in this situation is that they are required to make decision between what will be politically acceptable and what is economically viable (Broadbent and Laughlin 2002). However, when making such decision it is important that all the factors to achieve value for money are taken into account, which obviously in the case of the Skye Bridge. Had the approach been different it is likely, based on subsequent successes, that the outcome would have been different. Research Limitations In preparing this report, our research has been restricted to that information which is available in the public domain. In terms of information from public sources, we have studied literature that is made public on the websites or through journals and other publications of a number of public bodies. The organisations included the Scottish Executive, whose responsibility is to the public in its role as the devolved government of Scotland (about 2006). Many of the other documents referred to within this report have also come from the National Audit Office. A central part of their role is to audit the accounts of all of the government departments that exist in the UK. Parts of these duties include the evaluating and auditing of PFI projects such as the SKY Bridge. The intention of these audits is to evaluate the performance of the projects and make recommendations that can be incorporated into future directions of corporate governance for future projects of the same nature. However, whilst the Freedom of Information Act (Lord Chancellorà ƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s department 2000), provided for transparency in public accounting, there are exceptions, which do influence the amount of information that the government delivers to the public arena (Tim Gosling 2004). In respect of PFIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s one of the exceptions that is most commonly used, is the ability of governments to not disclose information that is considered to be of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“commercially sensitiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  nature. As the who premise of PFIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are based upon a public-private partnership, they often use the fact that a commercial organisation is involved as a way of restricting the information made available to the public. As can be seen from the results of parliamentary questions, this non-disclosure has been the subject has been the subject of much debate (Written Answers 2002). Despite pressure from a number of sources, this position has been steadfastly held over the years. In case where the government has been pressed on the issue of addition information regarding the cost of PFI deals, this has often been flatly refused (Parliamentary Staff 2002). It should be mentioned at this stage that the failure of the Skye Bridge PFI contract is not the only PFI project that has been badly handled. During the time that these initiatives have been operating, there have been several other notable failures, including ones in which the construction firm Jarvis were involved (Feature 2004). Private Finance Initiative Although the result of this report would tend to suggest that proceeding with a project by choosing the Private Finance Initiative might be a dubious, if not incorrect option, there is sufficient information available to prove that, on average, the system has been effective in reducing the overall cost to the public purse and transferring the risks from the public to the private sector. The Auditor General (2001), in their report, that the failure or problems associated with PFI project only occ urs in 24% of cases, with cost overruns being considerably reduced (Article 2003). This compares favourably with the record of Public Sector projects, before the adoption of this policy. Historical data shows that the position in the public sector showed difficulties attaching to 70% of projects. Many of the PFI successes have also been seen in the transport industry, with projects such as the Dartford Toll tunnel being amongst them (Olivier Debande 2002). Conclusion and recommendations From the information that was available in the preparation of this report, it is apparent that errors in terms of the Skye Bridge project. From its inception, the project was dogged with problems (BBC News 2004). Since the date of the Skye Bridge project, there have been several calls for reform (F. Terry 1996). In response to this, the government has authorised several reports on the matter and issued new guidelines as to the operation of a PFI project, such as the latest value for money as sessment Guidance (HM Treasury 2006). It is important that when PFI projects are considered, the first step is to ensure that alternative options are examined for comparison purposes, and that the decision to use PFI is indeed in the public interest. Furthermore, the public departments must ensure that the competitive bidding element is maintained at all stages of the process. This includes consultants, constructors and other private parties that will be involved in the agreement. Finally, it is essential to clearly define the areas of the risks that are being transferred to the private sector. References About (2006). The Scottish Executive is the devolved government for Scotland. Scottish Executive. Retrieved 13th January 2007 Article (2003). PFI projects have cut overruns, says NAO. Public Finance. Retrieved 15 January 2006 from https://www.cipfa.org.uk/publicfinance/news_details.cfm?News_id=15366 Auditor General (2001). Managing the Relationship to secure a succes sful partnership in PFI projects. National Audit Office. London. Auditor General (2003). The Skye Bridge. National Audit Office. London. BBC News (2004). Timeline: Skye Bridge Tolls. BBC News online. Retrieved 15 January 2006 from https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/4114195.stm. Broadbent, J. and Laughlin, R (2002). Accounting choices: technical and political trade-offs and the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Private Finance Initiative. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal. Vol. 15, No 5, pp.622-54. Debande, Olivier (2002). Private Financing of Transport Infrastructure. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol 36, part 3, pp. 355-87. Feature (2004). Jarvis: PFIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s triumphs and tragedies. The Economist, 16 December 2004. Forty Second Report (1998). The Skye Bridge. Public Accounts Committee. UK. Retrieved 15 January 2007 from https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmpubacc/348/34802.htm Gosling, Tim (2004). Openness Surve y Paper. Institute for Public Policy Research. UK. Gwartney, James D., Sobel Russel, S. and Stroup, Richard L (2002). Economics: Private and Public Choice. South Western College Publishing, USA. 10th ed. Heald D. (2003). Value for money tests and accounting treatment in PFI schemes. Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal. Vol. 16, No 3, pp.342-71. HM Treasury (2006). Value for Money Assessment Guidance. HM Stationery Office. London. Lord Chancellors Department (2000). Freedom of Information Act (2000) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Part 2. HM Stationery Office. London. Monbiot, George (2001). Captive State: The Corporate Takeover of Britain. Pan Books. UK. Parliamentary Staff (2002). Extra costs of PFI deals will not be revealed. Accountancy Age, 2 December 2002. Ross, David (2004). Tolls end on the bridge over troubled waters. The Herald, Scotland, UK. Terry, F (1996). The Private Financing Initiative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Overdue reform or policy breakthrough. Publi c Money and Management, 9-16. Written Answers (2002). Public-private partnerships and PFI. Commons Hansard, Vol 394, column 277W. Appendices Figure 1Source: David Heald (2003) Table Expenditure on the Skye Bridge project by the Department and users Payments to Skye Bridge Limited  £ millions Note Toll payments by users to be received by Skye Bridge Limited over the lifetime of the concession, together with payments agreed in December 1997 by the Department to subsidise tolls for regular users 24 1 Payments by the Department to or on behalf of Skye Bridge Limited for constructing the approach roads, and compensation for the cost of design changes and delay following a public inquiry 12 1 Other direct project expenditure by the Department Including advisers fees, survey work, land purchase and staff costs 3 1 Total payments by users and the Department 39 1 Indirect public expenditure reflecting loss of ferry revenue by Caledonian MacBrayne  £1 million a year Figure 2 Source Forty-second report 1998 Item Final Cost  £ millions User Costs  £33 Initial costs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Department  £15 Cost of delays due to public enquiry  £4 Loss of Ferry Revenue  £9 Compensation for termination  £27 Subsidy for tolls  £5 Total  £93 Figure 3 Calculation of final cost Traditional Public Investment  £ Millions Public Debt  £ Millions Final cost  £ Millions Budgeted cost  £ Millions Public Purse  £48  £15  £64  £15 Road Users  £33  £33  £24 Capital Providers  £16  £6 Bridge Operator Figure 4 Cost comparisons 1 Footnotes [1] Private Finance Initiative

The Importance Of Team And A Team Leader As Well As The...

In healthcare settings a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach is required to provide a safe and quality holistic care for patients. To achieve this, the different healthcare professionals must work together in order to achieve their goals and promote patient safety. This assignment aims to explore the importance of team work in healthcare. In addition it will consider the qualities and behaviours of a team leader as well as the team behaviours necessary for effective team performance. In order to fully explore the nature of team work in healthcare it is importance to first look at what defines a team.A team can be defined as two or more people with specific roles working together to achieve a common purpose(Kalisch Begeny, 2005). For†¦show more content†¦Effective teamwork is dependent on good leadership. In other words there certain characteristics such as the behaviours and qualities of the leader and the behaviours of team member or followers that contributes to the effectiveness of a team. Different leadership theories such as the Trait theory, Situational theory, Behavioural theory, Transformational and Transactional have been develop to describe the different styles of leadership and to identify what makes an effective leader. However, there are certain qualities and behaviours that a team leader must possess in order to create a high performance team. Consequently, the National Health Service (NHS) (2013) has produce a leadership framework which provides nine dimension of leadership behaviours which are essential for being an effective leader. Goleman et al (2002) suggest that effective leadership behaviours include â€Å"self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management and confronting the impossible†. In other words, a team leader has the awareness of his or her own strengths, weaknesses, emotions, beliefs and values and its influences his or her decision making as well as how he or she manages her emotions. In addition he or she has the awareness of the individual team member skills and abilities and therefore is able to delegate certain task to members who are capable as each member of the team has a unique

Business Law Answer Key Free Essays

Business Law Answer Key This is a comprehensive key to all the questions, including some chapters which we did not cover. You are responsible only for chapters on the syllabus. Ch. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law Answer Key or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 A. 3 B. 5 C. 1 D. 2 E. 4 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. E Ch. 3 A. 5 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1 – 3 E. 3 – 1 †¢ Interrogatories is a pretrial procedure involving written questions to be signed under oath †¢ Deposition is a pretrial procedure involving oral questions answered under oath 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T- F 5. T †¢ About one half of all lawsuits settle before trail -) True †¢ In a lawsuit for money damages, both the plaintiff and the defendant are generally entitled to a jury. -) True 6. E 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D Ch. 4 A. 5 B. 6 C. 1 D. 2 E. 3 F. 4 †¢ Stare Decisis – The rule that requires courts to decide cases based on the precedent †¢ Promulgate- The act an administrative agency creating a new rule 1. T 2. F- T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F The due process clause requires that any citizen is entitled to a jury trial before any right or property interest is taken -) False †¢ Administrative agencies play an advisory role in the life of many industries but do not have the legal authority to enforce their opinions. -) False 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. B †¢ If Colorado passes a hotel tax of 8 percent for Colorado residents and 15 percent for out of state visitors. The new law is void, based on the commerce clause. †¢ Which of these is an example of judicial review? A federal court declares a statute unconstitutional †¢ What is an example of a subpoena? A court order requiring a deponent to answer questions. Ch. 5 – Perfect!!!!!!! A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 D. 2 E. 1 F. 7 G. 5 1. F 2. F (not enough information; battery for sure) 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. C Ch. 6 A. 3 B. 5 C. 1 D. 2 E. 4 1. F 2. T (depends in which state – state law differs on this point) 3. F 4. T-F 5. T 6. F Some states are comparative negligence states but the majorities are contributory negligence states. -) False A landowner might be liable if a dinner guest fell on a broken porch step but not liable if a trespasser fell on the same place. ) True 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C Ch. 7 A. 5 B. 1 (this seems to be the best choice, although the definition sounds more like the Anti-Money Laundering Act rather than RICO, which was originally passed to combat organized crime). C. 4 D. 6 E. 3 F. 2 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F †¢ Corporate officers can be convicted of crimes: corporation they cannot be -) False †¢ An affidavit is the government’s formal charge of criminal wrongdoing. †¢ Affidavit- a written statement signed under oath 6. D 7. E 8. A 9. A- E 10. B A prosecutor concerned that he may lack sufficient evidence to obtain a conviction may agree to an affidavit. †¢ Professor asks Janice, his teaching assistant to please drive the professor’s car to the repair shop. Janice gets in and drives, not to the garage, but 1,400 miles farther west to Las Vegas. Janice has committed Embezzlement. Ch. 9 A. 4 (this is how the textbook defines implied contracts, but keep in mind that if you spell out the terms of a contract, this is going to be an express contract; an implied contract is one which can be inferred from the conduct of the parties) B. 5 C. 3 D. 1 E. †¢ Implied contract- An agreement based on words and actions of the parties †¢ Consideration- Bargaining that leads to an exchange between the parties †¢ Liquidated debt- a debt in which the amount is undisputed. †¢ Bilateral contract- a co mmon law principle requiring the acceptance to be on exactly the terms of the offer. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. A (although E seems ok to me as well) 7. C (although A seems ok to me as well, but perhaps not enough facts are provided, so C is the better answer) 8. E 9. C- E 10. E Abdul hires Sean to work in his store, and agrees to pay him $9 an hour.  Control Key and Word – Text and Graphics. This agreement is governed by the UCC-)False †¢ If someone makes and offer and that person puts another offer on the table, they are rejecting the offer. Ch. 10 A. 3(intent is just one of the elements to prove fraud) B. 4 C. 5 D. 1 E. 2 Part Performance- Entry onto land, or improvements made to it, by a buyer who has no written contract Exculpatory Clause- a contract clause intended to relieve one party from potential tort liability 1. T 2. F 3. T- F 4. T 5. T 6. F †¢ Non compete clauses are suspect because they tend to restrain free trade. -) True 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. D †¢ If people are buying and selling a house and neither party has copy of the emails, they still have the parties still have a binding contract for the sale of Louise’s House. †¢ You drive up to a fancy restaurant and hand your car keys to the valet . You have created a Baliment. †¢ Bailment: giving possession and control of personal property to another person. CH. 16 A. 3 B. 4 C. 1 D. 5 E. 2 1. T-F 2. F-T 3. F 4. F-T 5. T †¢ A principal is always liable on a contract, whether he is fully disclosed, unidentified or undisclosed. ) True †¢ When a contract goes wrong, a third party can always recover damages from the agent, whether the principal is fully disclosed, unidentified, or undisclosed. -) False †¢ An agent may never act for two principals whose interest conflict-) false 6. B 7. C 8. B-D 9. C 10. A-none Someone painting the outside of a building you own crashed through a window, injuring a visiting executive. Whi ch of the following questions would our lawyer not need to ask to determine if the painter was your employee? Had you checked the painter’s references? Which of the following activities committed by an agent is not likely to create liability for the principal. A car accident while driving to work. Ch. 17 A. 4 B. 6 C. 5 D. 2 E. 1 F. 3 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. E 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. E 15. A CH. 18 A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 2 E. 5 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. B 7. E 8. D 9. D 10. B CH. 20 A. 2 B. 5 C. 4 D. 1 E. 3 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. C CH. 22 A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 1 E. 2 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C CH. 25 A. 4 B. 3 C. 5 D. 1 E. 2 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A How to cite Business Law Answer Key, Essays

A Good Vacation Gone Bad Essay Example For Students

A Good Vacation Gone Bad Essay â€Å"Steven Helfer, you will not be attending this flight† were the worst words I could hear at the start of summer 2013. It was suppose to be the best summer vacation yet and everyone in my entire family was stoked. We planned months a head for it and eagerly waited for the date until we departed to the island of Turks and Caicos. It was finally the day we left and everything was running smooth the morning of our flight, until one thing that was so critical went missing. This mishap or I can say TRAGEDY caused a big delay, that I wish didn’t transpire. It was truly the best example of a good vacation gone wrong at first. It was 5 am on the day we left and I was comfy in a perfectly wrapped burrito blanket. I could already hear my mom yelling, â€Å"GET UP, WERE LEAVING AND WE ARE WAITING ON YOU† in a hurried voice. Me, not being a morning person, woke up late and I was supposed to be already out the door. I got up and Dashed through the house grabbing all my luggage, while my family waited for me in the car. â€Å"Come on! Were going to be late† is all I heard from my Dad, as I walked out and he closed the garage behind me. When I finally got in the car, my mother made sure everyone had everything and we were all set to travel as I started to doze off ignoring her. I soon woke up as my Dad was parking the car in one of the parking garages at DIA. We were already somewhat late and were basically running to the luggage check in. Everything went smoothly as normal until we had reached the security. â€Å"Passports and ID out† said the officer in charge of the checking in process. Everyone in my family pulled out their passport and then the panic began when I couldn’t find my passport. I rapidly started going through everything we currently had on and nothing. We approached the officer when it was our turn and explained what had happened, that I might have left it at the house or in the car. It was too late to turn around being that our flight took off in the next 20 minutes. I knew what had to happen and that was to let my family leave without me at that very moment. It was the saddest moment leaving my family behind, but there was still hope for me. The officer said if I had left my passport at home then I can still catch a flight the next day, being that there aren’t many flights to the destination I was headed to. I got the keys to the car and left the airport on my long journey. When I arrived I began frantically looking for the passport and there it sat. It was on my floor in my room and boy was I happy, but still sad this all happened because of my forgetfulness. I decided to get some rest and I even woke up 2 hours before I even had to be at DIA. When I got to DIA the weather was so traitorous, they had to cancel my flight till later that night. My patience was at an all time low and time was my worst enemy. I sat down on an uncomfortable airport chair and slowly dozed off until the sound of my Iphone’s alarm was blaring through my ear via headphones. It was time to board the plane and my happiness was unbearable. As a long story short, we had a great vacation on the beautiful island of Turks and Caicos and everything worked out.

The Evil Genius in Descartes Meditations and its Role in Philosophy

Discussion Descartes meditation on First Philosophy starts with a radical doubt program where he questioned every uncertain belief. This element of doubt was further enhanced when Descartes contemplated possibility of being under control of an evil genius. This doubt endeavored to deceive Descartes maximally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Evil Genius in Descartes’ Meditations and its Role in Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Descartes meditation on First Philosophy proposed thought experiments to facilitate his methodic doubt. In one of the experiments, Descartes posited that if there was an evil genius, then he could have made what was a lie look obviously true. If there was an evil genius, even most plausible beliefs could be in default. At that point of inquiry, Descartes could not prove the existence of such a powerful and malevolent creature. Descartes assumed the worst and worked from there. This strategy was extraordinary. In conducting practical affairs, Descartes attempted to channel his doubts in a fabric of beliefs that remained more or less fixed. However, the myth of malevolent genius deprived him of normal procedure (Descartes 50). The myth of evil genius demanded too much. Descartes thought experiment recommended universal doubt of all previous opinions and principles. It also recommended universal doubts of faculties whose veracity must assure a chain of reasoning deduced from some original principle which cannot be deceitful. The design of the myth on the evil genius indicates something about the extent and limits of our knowledge. Meditations on First Philosophy were written against the background of extravagant and conflicting claims about the nature of the world. The skeptical strategies Descartes employed were meant to deescalate the debate and to bring the discussion back to foundations (Descartes 50) Descartes Methodogical doubt and its Role in Philosophy The doubt strategy Descartes exhibited in the First Meditation was not an ordinary spontaneous doubt people experience in everyday life, nor was it an argument for global skepticism (Cottingham 12).Descartes methodical doubt was a thought experiment, which he used to clear his mind of preconceived ideas and determine foundations for his new philosophy. Descartes attempted to doubt everything he ever thought was true by attacking the sources of knowledge, such as; the senses, the mind and our imagination.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In view of these three sources of knowledge, Descartes provides three reasons for doubting: one, the possibility that we are deceived by our senses leads him to conclude that we can never trust anything we learn through senses; two, the possibility that we now dream led him to conclude that we can never trust the content of our consciousness ; and three, the most hyperbolic doubt at the end of the First Meditation was the introduction of Malicious evil that deceives us about existence of the world (Cottingham 15) Conclusion In sum, Descartes did not blame God, whom he considered supremely good and the source of truth. Rather, he blamed some malicious evil of utmost power and cunning which used all energies to deceive him. He thought that the air, earth, colors, shapes, sounds and all external things were mere delusions of dreams which he had devised to ensnare judgment. This hypothesis implies an all encompassing doubt for it denies people trust on their senses, content of their consciousness and their ability to reason. The malicious evil causes all these illusions without any connection to a world outside our minds. In order for Descartes to lay the skeptical hypotheses to rest and find a foundation for certain knowledge, he needs to overcome malicious evil (Cottingham 13). Works Cited Cottingham, J. Renes Descartes M editation on First Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Descartes, R. Discourse on method and the Meditations. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1968. This essay on The Evil Genius in Descartes’ Meditations and its Role in Philosophy was written and submitted by user Ian U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dialect Quebec and British Diplomat Essay

Dialect Quebec and British Diplomat Essay Dialect: Quebec and British Diplomat Essay The separation of Quebec from Canada is a very controversial topic when it really shouldn’t be because Quebec feels they should separate because they do not want to lose their culture and the fact that the majority of the province population speaks French. The people who oppose of that idea think that it is not right for Quebec to separate and become its own country because if it did Canada wouldn’t be the same with out it and would lose a huge chunk our country. In the end who are we as Canadian people to â€Å"force† them to be apart of Canada? If a Christian person wants to stop being Christian there are no rules or laws to stop them from doing what they truly want and wouldn’t the same thing apply here even if it were a province wanting to separate from a country. It’s all a matter of will and if the province of Quebec is willing to cut all ties with Canada and become a country of it own than so be it. If Quebec feels that they are a â€Å"French society† and not â€Å"English† like our great country and truly want to become a country of their own than they are not true Canadians so let them because why would Canada want some province who doesn’t identify themselves as actually being apart of Canada. They have their own civil laws, and their street signs only read in French. At this very moment they are already in some ways separate from our country so why stop un-Canadian like people and just let the people of Quebec do their own thing and cut all the fighting and arguing that has been constantly going on between both sides for years now. There is no common ground between Canada and Quebec and no willingness to live together. It's basically unhealthy, for them and for us. Furthermore, why Quebec should separate, is that Canada has a large debt of over 150 billion dollars. This debt has been accumulating over the years, but Canada is slowly starting to come out of it. 25% of this debt would be the sole responsibility of Quebec if they were to separate which would make Canada at least 35 billion dollars further out of that debt. Although we will have lost a bit of our economy through the separation, this money would surely make up it for that loss. Losing Quebec would help Canada in a sense because we lose some debt. Quebec people who believe in separatism have made so many attempts to show Canada they do not want to be apart of this country anymore over the years. Take the October Crisis in 1970 for example when separatist terrorists kidnapped a British diplomat and a member of the Quebec provincial government. The federal government invoked the War Measures Act, suspended some civil liberties and sent in the army to help maintain order. The British diplomat, James Cross, was eventually

Image of Nurses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Image of Nurses - Essay Example From the survey results, it was quite evident that people’s perceptions of nurses and nursing are quite different from the ideal picture painted by nursing professional institutions and the nurses themselves. Out of the six individuals who responded to the mini survey, two believed that the image of nurses and the nursing profession is negative while the remaining four individuals believed that nurses and their profession are flawless. An image refers to the mental picture that represents something real. In the nursing profession, image signifies the nurse’s professional qualities, as well as the conduct that represents the nurse’s competence (D'Antonio, 2010). The majority of the sample group believed that nurses encompassed highly qualified persons within the nursing profession. In addition, nurses provide holistic health care to groups and individuals and take on responsibilities and duties in an autonomous manner. Nurses provide health services on all spectru ms of the health care scheme such as the primary, secondary and tertiary levels and take on key responsibilities in education and maintaining the welfare of the focus group, i.e. patients. The sample group also believed that nurses are independent professionals who work within a nursing team. Moreover, nurses are highly active members of medical teams that provide health care and look after the health of patients (Polifko-Harris, 2007). Nurses provide comprehensive care to persons of all ages, socioeconomic status and cultural background on the basis of the patient’s emotional, physical, intellectual, psychological, spiritual and social needs. The sample group further noted that nurses are staunch advocates for the promotion of safe environments, innovative medical research, practical participation in determining health policy and in patient and health care system management and education. The mini survey group asserted that nurses provided unbiased care to all ill persons. T his is in keeping with the professional requirements. The nursing profession is a robust combination of technology, social science, physical science and nursing theory in caring for patients. The group also argued that the nursing profession provided clear guidelines to guide the conduct and practice of nurses while adhering to professional principles and standards. The foundation of the nursing profession is the provision of high-quality health care, communication, education, advocacy and maintenance of positive and unbiased attitude when dealing with patients. When questioned on the difference between Licensed Practical Nurses (LPNs) and Registered Nurses (RNs), the sample group acknowledged that a key difference lies in their academic qualifications. An RN is a nurse who graduated from a four-year nursing program. RNs hold a Bachelor of Science degree or have a two-year nursing program with an Associate’s Degree. An LPN is one who has graduated after undergoing a one-year practical nursing program. RNs, therefore, have higher educational qualifications than LPNs. As such, RNs have greater knowledge of clinical practice, delivery systems, research utilization, resource management, physiology and pharmacology (Polifko-Harris, 2007). With regard to their responsibilities, RNs have more responsibilities than LPNs. In some instance, RNs supervise LPNs since RNs can make independent decisions, while LPNs cannot. Moreover, RNs address more issues than LPNs. LPNs have a multitude of

Best Lesson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Best Lesson - Essay Example An excellent model suchs as the CALLA model enables learners to approach instructional paradigms from a well-grounded and a critical standpoint. The strategy of teaching English as a Second Language for university students usually begin with a theoretical background that explains and justifies the premises of the instructional approaches to be presented. This practice helps the mastery of the important theories and helps acquire practical strategies for effective classroom teaching. The best lesson in the online module provide its learners with a principled set of instructional tools for teaching English to learners of English as a Second Language. I rated the CALLA Model of Ana Chamost and Michael O'Malley with a perfect grade of 10 out of 10 as the best lesson among the three lessons which were presented. The major reasons for this high rating are the CALLA Model considers the development of effective instructional skills for the teachers and it relies on a clear realization of the fundamental precepts that guide the teachers' prevailing beliefs and practices. In this model, the teachers take into account a variety of approaches, several underlying assumptions, and the specific practices that their teaching philosophy inspires. (Yates & Muchisky, 2003). The best lesson is that of the CALLA Model of Ana Chamot and Michael O'Malley which integrated grade level content, language and strategy instruction. The two researchers found that the group of ESLs identified by their teachers were very successful as they utilized a variety of strategies and were conscious as to the why to use, when to use, how to use and why the specific strategies were being used.This research led to the CALLA model or Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (Chamot and O'Malley, 1994) that integrates grade-level content, language, and strategy instruction. The three strategies included in the CALLA approach are metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, and social affective strategies. In this model, the students use the new information and skills they learn. The teaching and learning approaches encompass collaboration, inquiry, problem-solving and hands-on experience. These strategies are used by teachers when they predict, organize, evaluate, infer, question and summarize. The teachers of English learners need to be explicit in teaching these strategies. Students should be taught the declarative knowledge of the strategy. Then students should be given the strict procedural knowledge on how to use the strategy. Once the declarative and procedural knowledge are clear, students are then taught the conditional knowledge or when and why it would be appropriate to use the strategy. (Paris, Cross and Lipson, 1994).I gave the second lesson which is on interaction a grade of 8 out of a grade of perfect 10. I fully agree that interaction between students and teachers is necessary for English learners to help them develop their reading and speaking skill s for the language. However, I do understand that some English learners in developing countries may not have had the

Why Do Conservatives Put An Emphasis On Tradition Politics Essay

Why Do Conservatives Put An Emphasis On Tradition Politics Essay In this essay I am going to attempt to answer the question enclosed in the title of this paper. First I will define the term conservatism; secondly I will present conservatism seen from different perspectives, such as traditional and modern conservatives. My investigation will then focus on attempting to answer the title question. In the last part I will construct an answer to the second question enclosed above and conclude with my own opinion on the subject matter. The term Conservative and Conservatism has been widely described and defined in literature. This depends on the area of the subject it has been elaborated upon. The concept of conservatism has always been controversial in a sense.  [1]  A conservative is disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones, and to limit change  [2]  . This can be seen as a way of favouring traditional views and values and tending to oppose change. This has been the foundation of conservatives throughout history and still being upheld in todays world and society. As an ideological and social system conservatism is characterised by the preservation of the existing conditions of society, including the polity, from significant changes, as well as restoration of a pre-existing social state to substitute for a non-conservative, notably liberal one. Therefore conservatism, when redefined can be segmented into several types such as; political, economic, social or cultural.  [3]  Huntington brings the view of conservatism seen through aristocratic theory as the ideology of a single and unique historical movement. (Huntington, 1957; 454) He further explores other theories which relate to specific classes in society. Liberalism is the ideology reserved for bourgeoisie; Socialism and Marxism are regarded as ideologies of the working class or proletariat whereas the Conservatism becomes the ideology of the aristocracy. (Huntington, 1957; 454) The doctrines of conservative belief derive from both Tory and Whig thought  [4]  . They contain a belief of loyalty to the rule of law, property ownership, upholding institutions, belief in organic nature of society and limited government.  [5]   Notably in England conservatism has become part of political speech around 1830. David Hume is often portrayed as the first conservative political theorist. He was the first major thinker to offer a philosophical defence of conservatism. Hume rejects the idea that the reason goes above what can be observed. In Humes view morality is concerned with action for a persons motives or reasons for action whether an act is right or wrong. Hume further argues that sentiment is a pre-rational feeling towards somebody or something. (Hoffman and Graham, 2009; 202) Conservative thinker Edmund Burke does not accept abstractions, such as the natural right proclaimed by the French Revolutionaries in 1789. Burke defends habit, taste and prejudice. For Burke, the knowledge of other people, including previous generations, is the resource that must be highly respected and followed if we are to avoid disastrous social consequences. Burke in Reflection on the Revolution in France compares contrasts societ ies- French which has neglected prejudice in favour of theory and British, which has remained close to its traditions :(..)that we have made no discoveries, and we think that no discoveries are to be made, in morality; not many in the great principles of government, nor in the ideas of liberty, which were understood long before we were born, altogether a well as they will be after the grave has heaped its mould upon our presumption, and the silent tomb shall have imposed its law on our pert loquacity. (Burke, 1969; 84 in Hoffman Graham 2009; 202) Burke was on the side of what he saw as Britains Great Tradition in political history. (Nisbet 1986; 4) Tory Party was older and favoured by the monarchy and much of aristocracy. Turning to the past for inspiration and for models on which to base policy in the present is deeply embedded in the conservative tradition and is sufficient reason for liberal and radical epithets of reactionary or anarchic. Emile Faguet refers to all of the conservatives as prophets from the past. (Nisbet 1986; 18) Nisbet refers to Churchills emphasis on relating to past in the following I like to live in the past; I dont think people are going to get much fun in the future. (Nisbet 1986; 19) For Burke legitimacy is the work of history and of traditions which go far beyond the resources of any single generations. (Nisbet 1986; 23) To see things authentically as a conservative Mannheim writes () is to experience events in term of an attitude derived from circumstances and situations anchored in the past. (Ni sbet 1986; 23) The concreteness of experience and history is persisting conservative emphasis. (Nisbet 1986; 24) Strauss is regarded as an important influence on what is called neo- conservatism. His view on conservatism is very different to that of Hume, Burke and Oakeshott. Strauss sought to revive both, the reading of text in the history of political thought and the natural right tradition. Use of Tory by modern British Conservatives has been somewhat more affection than anything really substantive. (Nisbet, 1986; 11) Jeremy Bentham and his utilitarian philosophy reject Enlightenment, French Revolution and all philosophers of natural right. He said the past is of no use. (Nisbet, 1986; 17) Michael Oakeshott was one of the most important conservative thinkers of the 20th Century. Oakeshott offered a critique of modern conservatives, who in fact are liberal rationalists. A rationalists stands for independence of mind on all occasions, for thought free from obligation to any authority as he puts it save the authority of reason. (Oakeshott 1962:1 in Hoffman and Graham 2009; 203) The rationalist rejects Burkean prejudice, custom and habit. He believes that it is possible to reason about political institutions and the fact that something exists, and has existed in past, is no justification for respecting or retaining it. This lack of respect causes a political attitude of radical change rather than gradual reform. The rationalist disrespect for institution extends to the world of ideas; instead of a careful engagement with the complex intellectual traditions that have shaped western societies. (Oakeshott 1962; 7 in Hoffman and Graham 2009; 205) Tradition is a practice or institution that has continuedx through time and has been inherited from an earlier period.  [6]  Conservatives have defended tradition of different grounds. For some conservatives, tradition reflects their religious faith. If the world is thought to have been fashioned by a creator, traditional customs and practices in society should be regarded as God given. Therefore to change the tradition or natural laws would be to challenge the will of God. However after the acceleration of historical change old traditions were replaced by new ones. Man-made laws were being created such as universal suffrage and free elections. This certainly weakened fundamentalist conservatism. Most conservatives, however, support tradition without needing to argue it has divine origins. Burke for example, describes society as a partnership between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are to be born. (Nisbet, 1986; 23) Nisbet uses Chestertons quote, who claims that tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes: our ancestors. It is democracy of the dead. Tradition refuses to submit to the arrogant oligarchy of those who merely happen to be walking about. (Nisbet, 1986; 24)Tradition is therefore seen by conservatives as wisdom of the past. The institutions and traditions have been tested by time, and therefore should be preserved for the benefits of future generations. In a sense, conservatives take a Darwinian view on tradition, that tradition has gone through a period of natural selection and has only survived because it has worked and been found of real value. (Nisbet, 1986; 28) An example of this is the British Monarchy. As historical wisdom and experience is gained from it, as well as gives a focus of national loyalty, it should be preserved. In this sense, tradition also generates a feeling of identity for society and individuals. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 213) As traditional practices can be recognised from generation to generation, it allows people to feel a sense of belonging. Change on the other hand is like walking into unknown and is therefore dangerous because it creates a feeling of insecurity and uncertainty, in fact threatening happiness. Tradition is therefore seen as fundamental principle of conservatism. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 214) The philosophy of traditionalism is selective. A tradition must come from the past but it must be also desirable in itself. It is our link with the past. There is another attribute of conservative respect of the old and traditional; belief that no matter how archaic a given structure or modern may be, there may be in it a continuity, still vital, function that man profits from; psychologically or sociologically. (Nisbet 1986; 27) T.S Elliot in his essay on individual talent and tradition has written as confirmed traditionalist as well as revolutionist in poetic form and imaginary. The individual talent is simply impotent, condemned to spinning of wheels without a chosen tradition to work with. (Nisbet, 1986; 29) The Conservative Party is the mean in todays society through which Conservatism is introduced into publics spheres. It has a set of beliefs that comprise British Conservatism and those beliefs that have been preserved and developed over time by Conservative thinkers and politicians. However looking at the recent years it is clear that the link between conservation and development of those beliefs and policies has not been very close as it should have been. Having analysed the above areas of conservatism it is clear in a sense that todays Conservatism and Conservative Party is not really conservative. Margaret Thatchers government 1979-1990 was rather rationalist if we analyse it in Oakeshotts view. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 206) For Oakeshott experience comes with tradition, therefore rationalism for him is the politics of the inexperienced. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 207) The contemporary significance of traditional conservatism is seen less as an active ideology. Current conservativ e party is no longer fully conservative, but heading towards more of a liberal approach which is their source of ideas. (Hoffman and Graham 2009; 208) It can be argued that there has been a significant shift in policies and philosophy of Conservative party under David Camerons leadership.  [7]  He has adopted a significantly different approach to his predecessors which can be characterised by focusing on new areas of concern, avoiding specific commitments, considering better policy options and being more value-oriented than in former Parliaments.  [8]   In my opinion conservatives party and its internal disputes are clear reflection of the contradicting interests present within their ideology. Having in mind that conservative view presents that society does not exist, and the world is only a collection of self-seeking, egotistic individuals I do not believe they are able to invent a coherent way of thinking and going forward with a positive and constructive outlook upon the future. The fact that conservatives seem to be emphasising tradition and history of good times, praising the life and the level of society was during previous decades, will not improve but hinder their progression. I believe by looking backward to the past, conserving the reality cannot be perceived as it really is, but as it would like to be seen from the past perspective. I believe any modern ideology; system has to be addressed to current affairs and relevant to present issues and look forward to the future, rather than the past. However having said that it is clearly noticeable that modern conservative party is collaborating with Liberal-Democrats seems to be a new beginning or transformation that might bring positive results for the people and State.

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Soft Corals :: Reproduce Nature Wildlife Essays

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Soft Corals The battle between sexual and asexual reproduction is a competition that has been ongoing for millions of years. Somewhere along the way due to its higher level of genetic variation, sexual reproduction was able to overcome the two fold advantage of asexual reproduction, and now dominates reproduction in organisms. However, some types of organisms such as worms and corals have acquired the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in asexual and sexual reproduction both from a biological and an evolutionary standpoint and to explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Introduction: Soft corals are very widespread among the Great Barrier Reef and other Indo-Pacific coral reefs. On the Great Barrier Reef they may cover up to 37% of the reef area (Bastidas, et. al, 2001). Even though soft corals are abundant on the Great Barrier Reef they have been overshadowed by the study of hard corals. Very little research has been conducted on them, yet they are just as fascinating as their hard coral neighbors. The main purpose of this paper is to explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually. To do this I will first introduce soft corals, then explain the types of reproduction soft corals are capable of, and finally explain why evolution has made it possible for soft corals to reproduce both sexually and asexually, using numerous studies to support my claims. Most of the information on this topic was very species specific, but this paper will explain the reproductive evolution of soft corals in a broade r array that will pertain to the scientific order Alcyonacea, or all types of soft corals. What are soft corals? Soft corals are grouped in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, and order Alcyonacea. Their distinguishing characteristic is that their polyps always bear eight tentacles which are on both edges fringed by rows of pinnules (Fabricius and De’ath, 2002). The common name â€Å"soft coral† comes from the fact that they have no massive external skeleton as compared to the more commonly studied hard corals.

Against Human Cloning- Argumentative Essay

Cloning in general has been a rising debate across the globe since before Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1996. The success of being able to clone an animal brought scientists to wonder about a more challenging task, cloning humans. This consideration is morally wrong and should not be stood for. Some people seem not to realize the negative aspects that cloning would bring into a world which is already suffering. Religious standpoints, the growth of the population, and each human’s individuality are just a few of the supporting reasons that stand against cloning and support why it should not be legalized. Simply because there are a few factors that make some in favor of cloning does not rectify the atrocity that it would bring. One supporter that stands for cloning, Simon Smith, states that it would be useful to produce clones for fertility reasons such as infertile couples and couples carrying a genetic disease. This seems reasonable; however, there are other options available that are better suitable. Adoption, artificial insemination, and other successful surgeries are more appropriate, currently available alternatives. It seems questionable as to whether a person wanting to produce a clone offspring of themselves would be corrupt or unprincipled in wanting to do so. Wanting to make a replica of yourself would be a shameless act. There are supporters in favor of cloning such as Professor Robert Winston to make note that cloning would be an option available to those people who have lost a loved one. Have we forgotten our virtues and that with the birth of life, one day will come death? The structure of living and dying applies to every species. It’s not something most humans look forward to for themselves or for anyone they love but inevitably one day it will approach us all. This is the reason living things are given the ability to reproduce, to give life to the future. It’s a choice given, but not one we all have to choose. The personalities of humans and other creatures is what makes you care for them and produce a bond, not their physical appearance. Having a replica only identical in image and not in personality would not bring back a lost loved one; on the contrary, it could make it even harder for some people to cope and deal with. Individuality is another factor to consider when thinking of the outcome cloning would bring. This is what makes our world so unique, if clones become produced, we will lose that uniqueness. Having human clones in existence would be an insult to human kind and the distinctiveness of every human being. It would change what it means to be human. If life can be formed in various ways other than the ways intended, how can it have that special value that being human has? Clones could likely end up as another minority fighting for equal rights. Could you imagine what it might feel like to know that you were a clone of someone else’s being? Would you feel inferior to human life and all that it brings? Would you even have a soul? These are all questions that society puts aside that should attempt to be answered. The growing population in the United States and in other countries around the world is also a very important element to consider. Although it would be great to have the fountain of youth, it does not seem very effective. People have to die; otherwise the population would be a greater concern than it currently is. If people were living an extra fifty years or more, the world would become chaotic. Citizens of the U.S. already have to fight for there entitlements they should receive as elders. Prolonging the life of humans would eventually become the cause of their extinction. We consume far too many resources that we need to survive and are doing far too little to replenish them. Trees will become a thing of the past in the not so distant future. Without this mankind cannot survive due to the lack of oxygen. This along with the extinction of other natural resources will only cause the human race to diminish. Scientists after a period of time could even possibly evolve clones to be the ideal human race. The DNA to produce clones could be manipulated after advance research to make them have specific characteristics and possibly mind-set as well. They could possibly be made to have a particular function in life such as becoming an Olympic swimmer or even a killing machine in the army, programmed to go off to war. What Hitler was trying to accomplish during the Holocaust could become reality if clones were to be created. It has been proposed that in the not too distant future, cloning technologies  could advance to the level where they could even recreate a deceased individual in the adult form. They could likely even recreate there past memories and experiences. There doesn’t seem to be any ethical concerns for this, as twisted as the thought of it turns out to be. Everything happens for a purpose and for that reason alone cloning is wrong and should not be legalized. The saying goes, if it’s not broke, don’t fix it. This saying should apply to cloning just as well. The vast majority of humans are perfectly capable of reproducing offspring; therefore there is no reason to clone. Along with the scientific accomplishments it would bring to man kind many down falls would follow only shortly behind. It may seem like many advantages could take place in the scientific community if cloning were to be legalized, but only resulting in having only a few benefits and many downfalls. The possible outcomes that would exist in its legalization does not make it being performed morally right. Works Cited Smith, Simon. â€Å"HumanCloning.org.† 2002. Human Cloning Foundation. 22 March2007. Winston, Robert. â€Å"The Promise of Cloning for Human Medicine.† British Medical Journal (1997):913-14. 21 March.

Title Ix Essay - 1613 Words

Nigel Liaw Mr. Gobrail English 3-5A 27 March 2006 A Change in History for Women Women presently play a huge part in daily activities whether it is at school, sports, or work. Over the past three decades, women have gained many rights and privileges that men have had for half a century or longer. Gaining these rights and privileges has allowed women to play important roles in todays society. One of the most debated issues between men and women is Title IX. This issue has created controversial problems that have caused a separation between men and women. Although, Title IX is constantly brought up, it was the beginning of a new era for women. An era that would allow women to be accepted as equals to men in everyday activities.†¦show more content†¦Through the statistic, it is easy to see how much of an effect Title IXs history has for women. The creation of Title IX in 1972 banned gender discrimination in schools nationwide, particularly in sports (Huffman 4). Without it, superstar female athletes such as Lisa Leslie, Mia Ham m, or the Williams sisters would not be internationally famous. They also would not have the media exposure they get in sports without Title IX. In addition to the few that were just named, media is focusing more and more on female athletes such as Michelle Wie and this years winter Olympic silver medalist in figure skating, Sasha Cowen. In conjunction with the popularity of female athletes, Title IX has pushed for equality over the past three decades. In Suzanna Huffmans article from Mass Communication and Society, it states that Title IX has encouraged school administrators to work toward gender equity in athletic spending, and now many more women participate in college sports and earn college athletic scholarships than in years past (4). Although this statement is generalized, it is close to the truth in todays culture among men and women. The impact that Title IX has bestowed on women has created a positive outcome. It is astonishing to see what one document in 1972 can do to in crease equality for women, yet create so many controversies with it. As it is seen time and time again, issues and problems about Title IX are discussed in a degrading manner. In the past, peopleShow MoreRelatedTitle IX Title IX849 Words   |  4 Pages Before Title IX was signed by President Nixon on June 23 and went into effect on July 1 of 1972, both women and young girls were excluded from many activities that men and young boys were allowed to do. Since the passing of Title IX, women have excelled in all sports tremendously. This essay will argue that because of Title IX, women can now participate in various activities and sports. Title IX of Educational Amendments prohibits sex discrimination in any educational program or activity receivingRead MoreTitle Ix And The Law1480 Words   |  6 Pages Gender has always been a starting point for much of the judgement in our society whether we realize it or not, and it’s exactly the causes of one of the many controversies that there is today. Title IX, the law passed to help overcome prejudice and grant girls the same opportunities as boys, is getting not only the credit it deserves but much backlash to counter it. The main purpose of this law was originally to give girls the opportunity to play the same sports as boys were able to, and thanksRead MoreTaking a Look at Title IX1864 Words   |  7 Pagesfemales felt before Title IX; was explicated to give female’s gender equality in sports. Title IX has positively affected women’s sports over the years, but can negatively impact men’s teams, especially within the collegiate field. Title IX has changed budgeting and participation numbers between males and females, while opening up several opportunities for women. I am going to inform you how Title IX affec ts females and males in collegiate and high school sports, the history about Title IX, facts and statisticsRead MoreCritique of Title IX1136 Words   |  5 Pagespromised aren’t precisely indistinguishable? Title IX does not accurately protect sexual discrimination; it doesnt give equal opportunities, and is unjust as far as benefits between male and female sports. Although this law allows men and women to participate in the same sports and educational fields it does not efficiently take care of those who feel sexes should be separate making it an ineffective law altogether. As far as sports and education does Title IX fall in the category of being a hero orRead MoreTitle Ix : The Idea Of Equity2331 Words   |  10 PagesTitle IX in College Athletics The idea of equity in society particularly in athletics has been a major topic in athletics for many years. However, in spite of the long and storied history of the fight for equity in athletics we still see a lot of misunderstanding especially involving one particular law. This law is Title IX which has a number of awful misconceptions associated with it even from female athletes themselves. One misconception that is very popular especially among the critics of TitleRead MoreTaking a Look at Title IX1250 Words   |  5 PagesTitle IX was a law signed in to make sure than no one is excluded based on gender. When the law was signed in, the numbers showed that it helped get women more involved in sports. However, with more women involved in sports, men are still the favored gender and women are discriminated against. Women are discriminated against in sports shown by fewer opportunities in high school and college level sports, unequal treatment of women college athletes, and unfair o pportunities and treatment to women coachesRead MoreEssay on Title IX1206 Words   |  5 PagesAs part of the Education Amendments of 1972, Title lX states that, â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.† This act has been one the most controversial and most scrutinized amendments to be passed in years and it has never been re-evaluated. It has done a lot during its years by increasing womens sportsRead MoreTitle Ix Of The Education Amendments1192 Words   |  5 Pages On June 23, 1972 Title IX of the Education Amendments was signed and put into action. Many people think of this title as the right of women to be able to participate in sport. Title IX was enacted to give women the rights to go to college and receive financial aid, along with also being able to participate in sports. After the title was enacted women would be able to have the same rights as men when it came to education, financial aid, and sports. Title IX has been enacted for forty years and manyRead More Title IX Essay example3230 Words   |  13 Pages Title IX   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Title IX was passed by the U.S. Congress on June 23, 1972, and signed by President Richard M. Nixon on July 1, 1972. It is a civil rights law prohibiting discrimination in education programs and activities receiving federal funds. It was the first comprehensive federal law to prohibit sex discrimination against students and employees in these institutions. (U.S. Department of Education, 1997)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Title IX did much more than what the average mind thinks of when they hear theRead MoreTitle IX Research Paper1807 Words   |  8 Pagessection of this law, Title IX prohibits discrimination against girls and women in federally funded education, including in athletic programs. Since its arrival, in regards to athletics, there have been arguments for and against the many aspects pertaining to this law. Title IX has had a large impact on high school and college athletics in the attempt to give females an equal opportunity, but the means by which they are achieving this goal is an ongoing debate. The basic Title IX statute provides: No